Location – Dniprohills

Trukhaniv Island

Trukhaniv Island is an island on the Dnipro River, located opposite the central part of Kyiv, between the main channel of the Dnipro to the west and one of the arms of the Desna river’s mouth—Chortoryi—to the east. Its area is about 450 hectares. Today, the island serves as a popular recreational zone featuring numerous beaches, water stations, sports facilities, restaurants, and holiday homes, and it is well-landscaped and connected to the right bank by the Pivnichny and Parkovyi pedestrian bridges.

Труханів острів, острів Тризуб, Десна, Чорторий і Дніпро — острів Труханів і Тризуб

During the times of Kievan Rus, the settlement of “Olzhychi” was located on the island’s territory and belonged to Princess Olga.

Origin of the Name

Researchers believe that the name “Trukhaniv Island” may originate from the name of the Kipchak (Polovtsian) Khan Tugorkan. According to legends, in the late 11th century, this area housed the residence of his daughter, who was married to Kyiv’s Prince Sviatopolk.

Landscape and Natural Conditions

The modern landscape of Trukhaniv Island is shaped by the last glaciation and the flow of the Desna and Dnipro rivers. The island is situated in the Desna Delta, where the river surrounds it on two sides. The territory features diverse natural zones, including dense forests, open spaces, and floodplain areas that change periodically due to seasonal flooding.

This varied terrain creates favorable conditions for a rich diversity of flora and fauna, including species under protection. Among the island’s wildlife are roe deer, red deer, hares, moose, and beavers.

вид з Труханового острову на південь, Київ

Muromec park

Protected Natural Area

Trukhaniv Island is a conservation area where natural landscapes and habitats of wild animals, plants, and insects have been preserved. It is a popular destination among Kyiv’s cyclists for weekend rides. The northern part of the island remains a wild natural zone with dirt trails, while the southern section, beyond the Pivnichnyi (Northern) Bridge, features a designated cycling path. This route connects to Kyiv’s city center, leading to Khreshchatyk via the Parkovy Pedestrian Bridge.

Tryzub Island

Tryzub Island is a small, uninhabited island located near Trukhaniv Island. It is part of the Desna Delta and is surrounded by the Chortoryi branch of the river. The island is covered with dense vegetation and serves as a natural habitat for birds and other wildlife. It remains largely untouched by human activity, making it an important ecological area within Kyiv’s urban landscape.

Its shape resembles the symbol of Ukrainian statehood. The route around it is popular for kayaking and stand-up paddleboarding (SUP).

X-Park Sports Village

X-Park is a modern recreational complex built on the natural resources of Trukhaniv Island.

Here, you can find a cableway for wakeboarding, kayak and SUP rentals, as well as bike rentals. Visitors can also stay overnight, relax in a sauna in the evening, and take a swim in the Dnipro or Desenka rivers. Organized one-day trips around Trukhaniv Island and its surroundings also start from here.

вид з острова на Північний і Подільський мости, Київ, спортивне містечко Х-парк

Bicycle rental near Muromec Park and an island map for cyclists from

https://velokratia.com.ua/routes/park-muromec/

Samar

The city of Samar has a rich history dating back to the Yamna culture (4th–3rd millennium BCE). Archaeological research indicates the existence of settlements in the Prysamarya region since those ancient times.

During the Cossack era, Samara played an important role. The town of Samara was first mentioned in a charter by Polish King Stephen Báthory in 1576. In 1688, following the First Crimean Campaign, the Russian government built the Bohorodytska Fortress on the site of the old Cossack settlement of Stara Samara.

Holy Trinity Cathedral

One of Samara’s most significant architectural landmarks is the Holy Trinity Cathedral. This wooden church, built without a single nail, is the largest wooden church in Ukraine. The cathedral impresses with its unique architecture and serves as an important spiritual center of the city.

Samara River

The city is located on the Samara River, a left tributary of the Dnipro. The river originates on the western slopes of the Donets Ridge and flows through the Donetsk, Kharkiv, and Dnipropetrovsk regions. Samara is known for its natural wealth, particularly the Samara Forest and wetlands, making it an important ecological zone in the region.

The name “Samara” translates from Turkic as “virgin land, steppe.” Along its banks and in the wetlands, Cossack settlements once thrived. With the construction of the Dnipro Hydroelectric Station (DniproHES), the water level rose, forming the Samara Bay at its mouth.

Husyntsi

Husyntsi: The Lost Village at the Bottom of the Dnipro

When the waters of the Kaniv Reservoir rose in 1971, they swallowed not only the streets, houses, and churches – they concealed an entire history. The village of Husyntsi, which had thrived on the left bank of the Dnipro for over two centuries, disappeared beneath the waves, leaving behind only a tract of land and the memories of its former residents.

The highest points formed several islands. On one of them stands the church, while the other—Lysa Hora—is where the main witches’ sabbaths of the entire Dnipro region take place (beginning at sunset on the first night of each full moon).

Today, as the water level drops, remnants of the past occasionally emerge from beneath the surface: fragments of buildings, the foundations of the old church, and even bricks that once formed village homes.

A Crossroads of Trade

In the 18th century, Husyntsi was a small hamlet along a busy trade route. Merchants, soldiers, and travelers stopped here to rest. As the village became part of the Kyiv Vicegerency, it gradually expanded into a full-fledged settlement. By the 19th century, it had a school, an Orthodox church, and a monastic skete with a hospital and a mill.

The villagers practiced a unique craft—woven wickerwork. They didn’t just make baskets but also chairs, tables, and even cradles. Perhaps it was their fishing trade and handcrafted goods that helped the village survive the worst of the 1932–33 famine.

The Final Years Before Submersion

By the mid-20th century, Husyntsi was a thriving village with over a thousand residents. It became a film set, and a military base on its outskirts served as a training ground for soldiers. However, the decision to construct the Kaniv Reservoir sealed the village’s fate. Families dismantled their homes, salvaging what they could, and moved away. Only the church remained standing until the rising waters finally consumed its walls.

Today, the Husyntsi tract serves as a reminder of how grand-scale projects reshape landscapes and destinies. The small islands emerging from the water are the last traces of a village that once lived a quiet yet vibrant life.

Yet, its memory endures—in the hearts of the elders, in faded photographs, and in the ancient church’s weathered stone walls, which miraculously survived.

Only three buildings remain from the village—the forester’s house, the school, and the church.

Visitors can stay overnight in the forester’s house.

The Church That Did Not Drown

The only structure that survived the flooding was the Pokrovska Church. Built in 1822 with the funds of local Cossacks and villagers, the temple was an architectural masterpiece. Its massive walls, elegant dome, and intricate details made it a striking example of sacred architecture.

After the flooding, the church was left stranded in the middle of the water—damaged but not destroyed. For years, it stood alone among the waves, like a ghost from the past. Some parts of the structure gradually crumbled, yet its core remained intact, defying time and nature.

Current State

In the early 2010s, efforts were made to restore the church. It was lifted with jacks, and a small artificial island was created around it, connected to the mainland by a wooden footbridge.

Unfortunately, during the restoration, the original frescoes were painted over, and the historic dome was replaced with a plastic one topped with a Chinese-made cross—changes that saddened historians and preservationists.

Today, visitors can reach the church via the footbridge from the left bank or by boat or kayak from Rzhyshchiv.

Dzharylhach

The continuation of Tendry is the island of Dzharylhach.
In ancient times, events described in Greek mythology took place here, and the islands were collectively known as Achilles’ Race.
One can set off on a long sea journey from Tendry along the celebrated route of Achilles and Iphigenia, though cycling there is challenging due to the sand.
Alternatively, you can reach closer to Dzharylhach from Kinburska Kosa, heading towards Lazurne or Skadovsk, where kayak rentals are available.
Indeed, a journey by kayak is the best way to uncover the magic of this enchanting corner!

Achilles’ Race—this is what the ancient Greeks and the inhabitants of Olbia called the Tendrivska Spit, which connects with the island of Dzharylhach by a shoreline, forming something like a peninsula.

In Dionysius Periegetes (2nd century AD), there is a legend in which Achilles, upon meeting Iphigenia, decided to take her as his wife.
However, as a priestess, she had taken a vow never to marry and thus could not accept Achilles’ proposal.
Madly in love, Achilles resolved to take Iphigenia by force. He chased after his beloved, but she preferred to throw herself into the sea rather than betray her patroness.

Artemis came to her devotee’s aid. As Iphigenia leaped into the sea, the goddess began scattering sand in front of her.
Achilles ran for a long time after the swift-footed Iphigenia, but he never caught up with her—his feet sank into the sand, exhaustion overcame him, and he finally abandoned the pursuit.

Thus, according to Greek belief, a sandspit more than a hundred kilometers long formed in the sea, which they named Achilles’ Course or Achilles’ Race.

Dzharylhach: The Pearl of the Black Sea

The island of Dzharylhach, located in the Karkinit Bay of the Black Sea, is the largest island in Ukraine and in the entire Black Sea.
It covers an area of 56 square kilometers, with a total length of 42 km, of which the land portion extends for 23 km.
The island has an elongated shape stretching from west to east. On its western side, it transitions into a long sandy spit, separated from the mainland by a narrow strait that sometimes dries up, temporarily turning Dzharylhach into a peninsula.

Relief and Geography

Dzharylhach features a flat terrain with numerous estuarine lakes, numbering around 200. Most of these lakes are saline, while a few are freshwater, with sizes reaching up to 150 meters in length and 15 meters in width. The total water surface area is approximately 9.49 km², making up 17% of the island’s territory.

The water temperature in summer reaches about 23°C, while in winter, it drops to around 2°C and rarely freezes. The salinity level varies between 16-18‰.

Tides in the Black Sea are minimal, with an amplitude of less than 8 cm. However, during storms, waves can wash over the spit, temporarily flooding the island’s coastal areas.

Flora

The vegetation of Dzharylhach includes steppe, meadow, wetland, and salt marsh species, as well as higher aquatic plants. A significant portion of the island is covered with artificially planted trees and shrubs. More than 20 plant species found on the island are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.

Fauna

The wildlife of Dzharylhach is remarkably diverse. The island is home to acclimatized species such as the red deer, European fallow deer, and mouflon. Additionally, wild boars, foxes, and hares can be found here.

Migratory birds, including swans, ducks, geese, terns, sandpipers, glossy ibises, herons, and pelicans, use the island as a resting and nesting site.

Marine Life Around Dzharylhach

The waters surrounding the island are home to approximately 80 species of fish, including rays, flounder, red mullet, anchovy, Black Sea herring, sprat, and mullet. The local gobies are particularly famous for their excellent taste. Additionally, the area is inhabited by the spiny dogfish (katran), the only species of shark found in the Black Sea.

Shrimp and Other Marine Inhabitants

Dzharylhach Bay is teeming with marine life. The shallow coastal waters are home to over ten species of crabs, including the grass crab, stone crab, marble crab, and swimming crab. Among mollusks, the Black Sea mussel is the most widespread. Shrimp are also abundant in the area.

Insects

June is the peak season for mosquitoes on Dzharylhach. To ensure a comfortable stay, it’s essential to bring mosquito repellent and a tent with a mesh screen.

One of the island’s most remarkable landmarks is the old lighthouse, built in 1902. It stands near the shore, and just a few dozen meters away is the new lighthouse, constructed in 1997. The old lighthouse is particularly captivating due to its historical charm and the presence of a freshwater spring—one of only two on the island.

The second freshwater source is located in an area known as “Monakh” (The Monk).

Kitesurfing in Dzharylhach Bay

Dzharylhach Bay, with its shallow waters and favorable wind conditions, is an ideal location for kitesurfing. The combination of warm waters, vast sandy beaches, and the absence of large crowds makes this spot particularly attractive for water sports enthusiasts.

Dzharylhach National Nature Park

Since 2009, the island has been part of the Dzharylhach National Nature Park. The park’s mission is to protect the natural heritage of the area, covering 10,000 hectares of land along with 2,469 hectares of the bay’s waters.

Dzharylhach Island is a truly unique place where nature has preserved its untouched beauty. Its rich flora and fauna, along with its picturesque landscapes, make it a hidden gem of the Black Sea.

Berezan island

Berezan Island is located in the northwestern part of the Black Sea, at the entrance to the Dnipro-Buh estuary, approximately 2 km from the village of Rybakivka in Mykolaiv Oblast and 12.8 km southwest of the city of Ochakiv. This makes it an interesting destination for kayaking, or visitors can opt for a guided tour by boat or sailboat.

The island is about 800 meters, with a width ranging from 200 to 400 meters, and covers an area of approximately 23.6 hectares. Its elevation reaches up to 20 meters above sea level. The island’s shores are subject to abrasion, leading to a gradual reduction in its size. The vegetation is mainly represented by xerophytic grasses and shrubs.

Historical Significance and Archaeological Research

Berezan is known for its rich history dating back to ancient times. In the 7th–6th centuries BCE, the ancient Greek settlement of Borysthenida existed here, considered the oldest Greek polis in the Northern Black Sea region. Archaeological excavations, ongoing for over a century, have uncovered remnants of dwellings, ceramics, and other artifacts that attest to the settlement’s active life. Among the findings are semi-dugouts and multi-room stone houses from the Hellenistic period, painted Ionian pottery, coins minted in Olbia, as well as Roman-period artifacts, including red-glazed ceramics and inscribed slabs.

In the Middle Ages, the island was known as Buyan and is mentioned in various historical sources. During the 14th–15th centuries, the island’s territory was under the control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, and later, the Crimean Khanate. There was no permanent population on the island during this period.

In 1905, the Berezan Runestone—a Varangian runestone from the 11th century—was discovered on the island. It bears the inscription: “Grani made this mound in memory of Karl, his comrade.” This artifact confirms the presence of Varangians on the island and their interactions with the local population.

Monument to Lieutenant Schmidt

A monument to Lieutenant Pyotr Schmidt, one of the leaders of the 1905 Sevastopol Uprising, stands on the island. As a Tsarist officer, he led a rebellion demanding greater rights. After the uprising was suppressed, he was executed on the island. During the Communist era, Schmidt was turned into a revolutionary icon, and a monument was erected at the site of his execution.

Current State and Preservation

Today, Berezan Island is uninhabited but attracts tourists and researchers with its historical heritage and picturesque landscapes. It is part of the National Historical and Archaeological Reserve “Olbia”, which helps preserve and study its cultural and natural values.

Berezan Island remains a unique site where natural beauty intertwines with a rich, multi-layered history, making it an important object for scientific research and the preservation of Ukraine’s cultural and historical heritage.

Tendra island

From the finish of the cycling route on Kinburn Spit, on a clear day, a thin strip of land is barely visible on the horizon amid the endless sea. This is Tendra. You can reach the island by kayak in half a day, but to better explore it, it’s best to plan a two-day sea journey.

Tendra Island is a sandy spit that separates the Yagorlytska Bay from the Black Sea. Its formation began around 8-10 thousand years ago as a result of sand deposition by sea currents and wind activity. Geological studies indicate that this area was once part of the mainland, but gradually became separated due to the rising sea levels after the Ice Age.

Historical Mentions
The term “Achilles’ Run” was used by ancient Greeks and the inhabitants of Olbia to refer to the Tendra Spit, which connects with the island of Dzharylgach via the coastline, forming what seems like a peninsula.

In Dionysius Periegetes’ (2nd century AD) writings, there is a legend in which Achilles, upon meeting Iphigenia, decided to take her as his wife. However, the priestess had taken a vow of chastity and could not agree to marry him. Madly in love, Achilles plotted to take Iphigenia by force. He chased after his beloved, who chose to leap into the sea rather than betray her mistress. Artemis helped her favorite, and when Iphigenia jumped into the sea, Artemis began sprinkling sand before her. Achilles chased after the swift Iphigenia for a long time but never caught up with her, as his feet sank into the sand, and he grew tired, eventually abandoning his pursuit. According to the Greeks, this is how the spit, more than a hundred kilometers long, was formed in the sea, which they called Achilles’ Racecourse, or Achilles’ Run.

Ancient Greek artifacts have been found here, confirming the island’s use in ancient times. In the medieval period, Tendra served as a stopover for sailors and Cossack ships.

Nature Reserve

The island is part of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve and is protected as a territory with unique natural complexes. Its ecosystems include sandy dunes, saline meadows, and steppe areas, creating a special environment for rare plants and animals.

Flora

Tendra Island is home to over 250 plant species, many of which are rare or listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. Notable representatives include:

Taliyev’s Sandwort (Arenaria talievii) – an endemic species of the Black Sea region.
Buzuk’s Carnation (Dianthus hypanicus) – a rare steppe species.
Dnieper Feathergrass (Stipa borysthenica) – adapted to sandy soils.
Liechtenstein’s Grasses (Cynodon dactylon var. lichtensteinii) – a salt-tolerant plant capable of withstanding soil salinity.
Tatar Sea Kale (Crambe tataria) – a steppe plant found on dune sands.

Fauna

The island is home to many animal species, including those listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.

Wild Horses (Tarpans) – Semi-wild horses inhabit the island. These are descendants of domestic breeds that were once released into the wild. They are well-adapted to the local climate and feed on steppe grasses.

Dolphins – In the coastal waters of Tendra Island, three species of dolphins are frequently encountered:
- Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
- Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
- Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Karakurt (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus) – one of the most dangerous spiders in Europe. Its venom is more potent than that of a rattlesnake, although it is usually not fatal to humans.

Birds – Among the local inhabitants are the pink pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus), white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla), waders, and many other waterfowl that nest on the island.
Insects – Among the rare species are the Swallowtail butterfly (Papilio machaon), Hercules beetle (Dynastes hercules), and carpenter bee (Xylocopa valga).

Tendra Lighthouse

Tendra Lighthouse is one of the oldest lighthouses on the Black Sea coast, holding strategic importance for maritime navigation. It was built in 1827 and has remained unchanged since then, preserving its original appearance – a white, round stone tower, 30 meters tall, with two black horizontal stripes.

Initially, the lighthouse operated with oil lamps, which were later replaced by gas lamps, and now electric lanterns with automatic control are used. Thanks to its light, ships can safely pass by Tendra even at night.

The island has no natural sources of fresh water, except for the well near the lighthouse – don’t forget to collect water!

Relief and Dunes

The island has a flat relief, shaped by the influence of sea currents and wind erosion. The surface is primarily composed of sand dunes, with heights reaching up to 5-7 meters. Some dunes are stabilized by vegetation, preventing them from eroding, while others remain mobile, changing shape under the influence of the wind. Along the southern coast, coastal ridges formed by storm waves can be found. In the center of the island, there are low-lying areas – salt marshes, which are periodically flooded by seawater.

Current State

Today, Tendra is a protected area with restricted access. This helps maintain the natural balance and conserve the rare species that inhabit the island. It also remains an important site for scientific research, particularly in the fields of biology and ecology.

Kinburn

Кінбурнська коса — місце, де прісі води Дніпра змішуються з солоним Чорним морем. Фінішна точка велосипедного маршруту, унікальний природний комплекс, що поєднує багатство ландшафтів, рідкісні види флори та фауни, а також має глибоке історичне значення. Розташована між Дніпровсько-Бузьким лиманом і Чорним морем, вона приваблює дослідників, туристів та любителів природи своєю неповторною красою та біорізноманіттям.е

Рельєф та формування
Кінбурнська коса є продовженням Кінбурнського півострова та частково відділяє Чорне море від Дніпро-Бузького лиману. Вона простягається на 45 км у довжину, а її ширина варіюється від кількох метрів у найвужчих місцях до кількох кілометрів. Рельєф коси переважно рівнинний, з піщаними дюнами та кучугурами, місцями залісеними штучними насадженнями сосни кримської та звичайної. Формування коси відбувалося під впливом морських течій, вітрів та накопичення піщаних відкладень та мушель, що створило цей унікальний ландшафт.

Флора
Рослинний світ Кінбурнської коси надзвичайно багатий і налічує близько 600 видів вищих судинних рослин. Серед них особливу цінність становлять рідкісні та зникаючі види, занесені до Червоної книги України та Європейського червоного списку, такі як волошка короткоголова, ковила дніпровська, береза дніпровська, сон лучний та мачок жовтий. Унікальним є поле диких орхідей площею понад 60 гектарів — одне з найбільших у Європі. На дні прибережних водойм утворюються підводні луки з морської трави (Zostera marina, Zostera noltii), які служать середовищем існування для багатьох видів безхребетних та риб.

Фауна
Тваринний світ коси не менш різноманітний. Тут мешкають олені, здичавілі коні та вовки. Серед рідкісних плазунів можна зустріти гадюку степову та сарматського полоза. У прибережних водах часто спостерігаються дельфіни та скати-хвостоколи. Пташиний світ представлений близько 300 видами, багато з яких занесені до Червоної книги України. Особливо вражають великі скупчення рожевих пеліканів у літній період та орланів-білохвостів узимку. Коса також є місцем найбільшої багатовидової колонії чапель на півдні України.

Історичне значення
Кінбурнська коса має багату історію. Відомо, що перед походами на човнах князя Святослава тут організовувалися стоянки, які використовувалися для підготовки до експедицій. Також на території коси знаходиться заповідник «Білобережжя Святослава», який зберігає важливі природні комплекси та історичні пам’ятки, пов’язані з легендарним князем.

Національний природний парк “Білобережжя Святослава”
У 2009 році територія Кінбурнської коси була включена до складу національного природного парку «Білобережжя Святослава». Парк охоплює понад 35 тисяч гектарів, включаючи 25 кілометрів білосніжних пляжів, унікальні природні комплекси та багатий тваринний світ. Його створення спрямоване на збереження та відновлення природних екосистем, а також на розвиток екологічного туризму в регіоні.

Змішання прісної та солоної води
На краю Кінбурнської коси відбувається унікальне природне явище — змішання прісних вод Дніпровсько-Бузького лиману з солоними водами Чорного моря. Це створює особливі умови для існування різноманітних біоценозів та сприяє високій продуктивності екосистеми. Чітка межа між прісною та солоною водою часто помітна неозброєним оком, що додає краю коси особливого колориту.

Висновок
Кінбурнська коса — це справжня перлина українського узбережжя, де гармонійно поєднуються унікальні природні ландшафти, багатство флори та фауни, а також глибока історична спадщина. Вона заслуговує на особливу увагу як об’єкт природоохоронного значення та місце для екологічного туризму, що дозволяє насолодитися незайманою природою та відчути дух історії.

Pyrohiv

Pyrohiv is a unique open-air complex that has been preserving examples of traditional folk architecture and lifestyle from most of Ukraine’s ethnocultural regions for many decades.

Creation
The first steps in implementing the project were taken with the involvement of specialists in history, architecture, and ethnography. Thanks to the efforts of state institutions and local communities, the search, documentation, and evacuation of unique structures from various corners of Ukraine was initiated. The buildings were carefully dismantled, transported, and restored at the new location while preserving their authenticity as much as possible. The museum was officially opened in the 1960s–70s, and since then it has been continuously enriched with new exhibits.

Transportation and Restoration Process
Buildings were dismantled into individual components, enabling their transport from remote villages and regions. Once at the museum site, restoration work was carried out while preserving the original materials and structural integrity.

Restoration and Transport
Experts meticulously restored each structure, preserving the authenticity of its form, finishes, and decorative elements. Authentic household items, craft workshop equipment (including drive mechanisms powered by a wheel turned by a horse), agricultural tools, furniture, icons, and more were also transported.

Displayed Regions
The Pyrohiv Museum features examples of traditional architecture from most regions of Ukraine. Among them, the following stands out:

Central Dnieper Region (Середня Наддніпрянщина):
Photos showcase typical Ukrainian houses with thatched roofs, stone churches, and outbuildings. They reflect the enduring traditions of rural life and a modest approach to decoration.

Церква Святої Параскеви із села Зарубинці

Михайлівська церква із села Дорогинка Київської області

Полісся;

Воскресенська церква із села Кисоричі, Рівненщина

Poltavshchyna and Slobozhanshchyna

Podillia:

Хата із села Луги і Миколаївська церква із села Зелене
Carpathians

In the Carpathians, houses and outbuildings were often combined under one roof or built separately. Fences could be woven, wooden, or stone (often in the form of a rampart lined with thorn). Additionally, storerooms, barns, granaries, stables, pigsties, cellars, sheds, carriage houses, and other structures were erected. Sometimes, the yard was arranged as an enclosure, with all buildings forming a quadrangle that created a closed inner courtyard.

South

Кам’яний вітряк з села Олександрівка Білозерського району Херсонської області

Each region is represented by authentic exhibits that illustrate the multifaceted nature of Ukrainian folk architecture.

Materials and Conditions:
The architecture of residential and utility buildings is shaped by natural and climatic conditions. The main materials are clay, wood, reed, and stone. In forested areas, wood is predominantly used; in the steppe, clay, straw, and stone prevail; while in the forest-steppe, a mix of materials is employed.

Typical Ukrainian House:
Despite regional differences, the characteristic Ukrainian house is a three-part structure with an entrance on the southern side. The entrance leads into a vestibule, from which one section forms the “svitlytsia” (main living area) and the other a pantry. Partitions separating the rooms are known as “vankyr” (hidden rooms) and “hytia”/”hytka” (annexes).

At the entrance to the vestibule, a stove is positioned on one side, with a “mysnyk” (shelf for dishes) on the other. Between the stove and the wall is the “pil” – a sleeping area. In the “pokutia” (sacred corner), a table with benches and stools is placed, along with household icons adorned with flowers, herbs, and embroidered towels. Other furnishings include decorated chests, hanging rods for clothes, and, if there were infants, a cradle.

Mills

Water Mills:
Appearing in the 12th century, they are classified into overflow (nalivni) and underflow (pidlyvni) types, with the former being more common. Like windmills, they became a significant part of the local landscape.

Windmills

Windmills are structurally divided into two types: post mills (kozlovi) and tower mills (shatrovi).

Post mills, considered the older type, were introduced to Ukraine through German influence, which is why they are sometimes called German mills.

Tower mills, which emerged in Holland around 1650, are also known as Dutch mills.

Post Mills

The windmill’s body, including the grain-grinding mechanism, shaft, and sails, is mounted on a fixed base. Rotation is achieved using a long guiding beam that allows the structure to turn around a sturdy post anchored in the ground or on a cross-shaped foundation.

Tower Mills

In tower mills, the main body remains stationary (typically octagonal or circular, tapering upwards for stability), while only the roof, along with the sails and shaft, rotates to adjust to the wind direction.

Working Principle

Regardless of type, wind power turns the sails, which transfer motion to a horizontal shaft. Inside the structure, a large wooden gear wheel transmits movement through a spindle mechanism to the upper millstone, while the lower one remains fixed. Grain is fed into a hopper with a chute, and the “konyk” device ensures even distribution by vibrating. The milling fineness is adjusted by raising or lowering the upper millstone.

Cycling Route in Pyrohiv

The open-air museum not only preserves history but also integrates modern recreational activities. Visitors can explore the entire museum by bike, following a designated cycling route, with bicycle rentals

Origin of the Name

Landscape and Natural Conditions

Protected Natural Area

Tryzub Island

Holy Trinity Cathedral

A Crossroads of Trade

The Final Years Before Submersion

The Church That Did Not Drown

Current State

Dzha Lighthouse

Lighthouse and Freshwater Sources

Monument to Lieutenant Schmidt

Current State and Preservation

Mills

Windmills

Post Mills

Tower Mills

Working Principle

Cycling Route in Pyrohiv